PLC-s

A programmable logic controller (PLC), also referred to as a programmable controller, is the name given to a type of computer commonly used in commercial and industrial control applications. PLC-s differ from office computers in the types of tasks that they perform and the hardware and software they require to perform these tasks. While the specific applications vary widely, all PLC-s monitor inputs and other variable values, make decisions based on a stored program, and control outputs to automate a process or machine.

Picture 1: PLC use

Basic PLC Operation

The basic elements of a PLC include input modules or points, a central processing unit (CPU), output modules or points, and a programming device (Picture 2). The type of input modules or points used by a PLC depends upon the types of input devices used. Some input modules or points respond to digital inputs, also called discrete inputs, which are either on or off. Other modules or inputs respond to analog signals. These analog signals represent machine or process conditions as a range of voltage or current values. The primary function of a PLC’s input circuitry is to convert the signals provided by these various switches and sensors into logic signals that can be used by the CPU.

Picture 2: Basic PLC Operation Elements


The CPU evaluates the status of inputs, outputs, and other variables as it executes a stored program. The CPU then sends signals to update the status of outputs. Output modules convert control signals from the CPU into digital or analog values that can be used to control various output devices.
The programming device is used to enter or change the PLC’s program or to monitor or change stored values. Once entered, the program and associated variables are stored in the CPU. In addition to these basic elements, a PLC system may also incorporate an operator interface device to simplify monitoring of the machine or process.

In the simple example shown below (Picture 3), push buttons (sensors) connected to PLC inputs are used to start and stop a motor connected to a PLC output through a motor starter (actuator). No programming device or operator interface are shown in this simple example.

Picture 3: Example - PLC in use of starting of motor

Hard-wired Control

Prior to PLC-s, many control tasks were performed by contactors, control relays, and other electro-mechanical devices. This is often referred to as hard-wired control. Circuit diagrams had to be designed, electrical components specified and installed, and wiring lists created (Picture 4). Electricians would then wire the components necessary to perform a specific task. If an error was made, the wires had to be reconnected correctly. A change in function or system expansion required extensive component changes and rewiring.

Picture 4: Hard-wired Control Circuit

Advantages of PLC-s

PLC-s not only are capable of performing the same tasks as hard-wired control, but are also capable of many more complex applications. In addition, the PLC program and electronic communication lines replace much of the interconnecting wires required by hard-wired control. Therefore, hard-wiring, though still required to connect field devices, is less intensive. This also makes correcting errors and modifying the application easier.

Some of the additional advantages of PLC-s are as follows:

• Smaller physical size than hard-wire solutions;
• Easier and faster to make changes;
• PLCs have integrated diagnostics and override functions;
• Diagnostics are centrally available;
• Applications can be immediately documented;
• Applications can be duplicated faster and less expensively.