EMW Articles by category
Audio
Quadrophonia - Multichannel Audio System
Electroacoustic
Octave and Semitones
Intervals and Harmonics
The A 440 [Hz] Pitch Standard
Sound Waves
Physiological and Psychological Acoustics
Sound, Sound waves and Ear
Sound Characteristics
Decibels, Sound Intensity and Frequency Response
Basic Specifications of Power Amplifiers
Additional Specifications of Power Amplifiers
Characteristics of Audio Signals
The IEC-268 Test Signal
Measuring and Estimating Amplifier Power Dissipation
A Simple Periodic Test Signal
An IEC Variant
Amplifier Noise
Linear Amplifiers Class A, B and AB
Class G Amplifier
Class H Amplifier
Switching Amplifiers - Class D
Output Filter in Class D Amplifier
Modulators and Feedback
Thiele-Small Parameters
Measuring Thiele/Small parameters
Automation and Control
The Closed Control Loop
Response of the Controller
Types of Controllers Inputs/Outputs
Processes with and without self-regulation
Security for Wireless Instrumentation
The Importance of Process Control
Process Control Terminology
Controlled System and Control Algorithm
Closed and Open Control Loops
Basic Terminology in Closed-loop Control
Components of Control Loops
ISA Symbology
Controlled System
Controllers
Mode of Operation of different Controller Types
Controller Algorithms and Tuning
Tuning of Controllers
Proportional, PI, and PID Control (Algorithms)
Process Control Loops
Multi-Variable / Advanced Control Loops
Project design of Automation Systems
Core project design – Basic methodology
PI Flow diagram
Concept of standardised signals
Symbols in PI Flow Diagram
Final EMCS block diagram
Project design of Auxiliary Energy
Process analysis / Model configuration
Model configuration (experimental process analysis)
Step responses of Technical Systems
The Inflectional Tangent & The Total Time Constant model
Model configuration for Flow Control System
Model configuration for Filling Level Control System
Model configuration for Temperature Control System
Controller Configuration and Parameterisation
Function mode of Operation of Technical Controllers
Setting rules for PID Controller
Selection of Automation Equipment
Selection of equipment - The Centrifugal Pump
Selection of equipment - The Final Control Element
Process Protection Measures
Commissioning of Process and Automation Systems
Connection of Auxiliary Energies
Testing of Closed Control Loops, Binary Control Systems and Safety Devices
Establishing the Standby Mode of a Technical Process
Upkeep of Technical Process Systems
Fault Finding and Error Handling
Maintenance
Systematic Repairs in the Event of Malfunction
Fault Finding and Analysis
PLC-s
PLC Programming and Scan Process
Basic Ladder Logic Symbols
Discrete Inputs/Outputs
Analog Inputs/Outputs
Digital
The Sampling Theorem (Nyquist)
Logic Gates
Flip-flop Circuits
Microcontrollers
Electrical | Energy
1 to 3 Phase Transformation
Direct start of 3-phase motor
Forward / Reverse start of 3-phase AC motor
Star / Delta Start of 3-phase AC Motor
Alternating Electrical Current
Three-phase Electrical System
Star Connection
Delta Connection
Nikola Tesla's System of Transmission of Electrical Energy
Nikola Tesla's Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy
Nikola Tesla's Method Of Utilizing Radiant Energy
Nikola Tesla's Apparatus For The Utilization Of Radiant Energy
Dielectric Constants Values
Measurement of 3-phase Electrical Power
Measurement Circuit for 3-phase AC Power
Coupling of three-phase transformers
IEC 0 or VDE A Group of coupling of 3-phase transformers
IEC 6 or VDE B Group of coupling of 3-phase transformers
IEC 5 or VDE C Group of coupling of 3-phase transformers
IEC 11 or VDE D Group of coupling of 3-phase transformers
List of Nikola Tesla Patents
Tesla Poly-Phase Induction Motors
Theory of Operation of Poly-Phase Induction Motors
Speed and Torque of Induction Motors
NEMA Induction Motor Design Classes
Power Factor and Efficiency of Induction Motors
Induction Motor Alternator
Starting of Induction Motor and Speed Control
Transformer - Principle of Operation
Transformer Voltage and Current
The Magnetic Circuit of Transformer
Transformer Rating, Impedance and Internal Forces
Autotransformers and Instrument Transformers
Potential Transformers (PT) and Current Transformers (CT)
Transformer Taps, Bushings and Polarity
Single-Phase Transformer Connections
Three-Phase Transformer Connections
Paralleling Three-Phase Transformers
Methods of Cooling Transformers
Routine Maintenance of Transformers
Transformer Cooling Methods Maintenance
Dry-Type Transformers
Liquid-Immersed Transformers
Oil-Filled Transformer Inspections
Oil Level Indicators
Pressure Relief Devices
Sudden Pressure Relay
Buchholz Relay
Transformer Bushings
Oil Preservation Sealing Systems
Auxiliary Tank Sealing System
Gaskets
Gasket Sizing for Standard Groove Depths
Rectangular Nitrile Gaskets
Bolting Sequences to Avoid Sealing Problems
Transformer Oils
Key Gas Method
Sampling Intervals and Recommended Actions
Diagnosing a Transformer Problem Using Dissolved Gas Analysis and the Duval Triangle
Rogers Ratio Method of DGA
Carbon Dioxide / Carbon Monoxide Ratio
Moisture Problems
Moisture in Transformer Insulation
Transformer Oil Tests
Oil Treatment Specifications
Silicone Oil-Filled Transformers
Gas Limits
Transformer Testing
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) Tests
Visual Inspection of Transformers
Ultrasonic and Sonic Fault Detection, Vibration Analysis and Turns Ratio Test
Estimate of Paper Deterioration
Impact of leading Power Factor loads on Synchronous Alternators
AC Motors
AC Motor Construction
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Developing a Rotating Magnetic Field
Rotor Rotation
Motor Specifications
NEMA Motor Characteristics
Derating Factors for AC Motors
AC Motors and AC Drives
Matching Motors to the Load
Motor Enclosures
Motors Mounting
Alternate (2-way) Switch
Electromagnetism
Maxwell's Equations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio Spectrum
Radio Communication
Utilization of Radio Waves Energy
Universal Time-Space
Specific electrical resistance of free space
Electronics
Common Emitter Amplifier
Common Base Amplifier
Common Collector Amplifier
Common Source (FET) Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Amplifiers with negative feedback
Operational Amplifier
Measurement of the basic parameters of Operational Amp
Non-inverting Amplifier
Inverting Amplifier
Summing Amplifier
Difference Amplifier
Voltage follower (Buffer) Amplifier
Current to voltage Converter
Voltage to current Converter
Instrumentation Amplifier
Integrator
Differentiator
Active Low-pass Filter
Active High-pass Filter
Logarithmic Amplifier
Anti-logarithmic Amplifier
Zero-crossing Detector
Selective Amplifier
High frequency Models of Transformer, Inductor and Capacitor
Cascade circuit (Voltage Multiplier)
Triode Vacuum Tube Modeling
Pentode Vacuum Tube Modeling
Common Cathode Triode Tube Amplifier
Common Grid Triode Tube Amplifier
Common Anode Triode Tube Amplifier
Pentode Tube Amplifier
Hartley Oscillator
Wien bridge Oscillator
Phase-shift Oscillator
Square Wave Generator
Linear Shaping of Signals | RC(LR) & CR(RL) circuits
Bistable Multivibrator (Trigger circuit)
Astable Multivibrator
Monostable Multivibrator
Monostable circuit with 555 Timer
Astable circuit with 555 Timer
Blocking Oscillator (Monostable)
Astable Blocking Oscillator
Blocking Oscillator with high/low Pulse/Pause periods
Astable Oscillator Circuit with 555 Timer
e-News
All-Paper Li-Ion Battery
Altera SDK for OpenCL
Communication with neutrinos
Microchip’s Free MPLAB® XC32++ Compiler
Funneling the Solar Energy
Smart Li-Ion Batteries
A Malware in Your BIOS
New Memory Cell with four states
The Smallest Laser
Measurement
The Temperature Measurement System
Error components in Temperature Measurement System
Products Info
The Only 0.8V/0.6µA Rail-To-Rail OP Amp
Svetlana EL34/6CA7 Vacuum Tube
ECC83 / 12AX7 Vacuum tube - Twin Triode
ECC82 / 12AU7 Vacuum tube - Twin Triode
ECC81 / 12AT7 Vacuum tube - Twin Triode
EL84 / 6BQ5 Vacuum tube Pentode
KT77 Vacuum tube Pentode
Siemens SIMEAS P Power Meter
Schneider Electric PowerLogic PM Power Meters
Digitally-Enhanced Power Analog Control
Arduino Leonardo
Arduino Uno
Raspberry Pi
Netduino
Linduino
NanoPi Neo-Air
Physics
Maxwell’s 1879 Ether Assumptions
The Experiment of Fizeau
The Michelson-Morley paradox solved
Software
LTspice IV
Electronics Workbench Simulation Software
Cadence OrCAD Solutions
LabVIEW System Design Software
Zelio Soft Programming Software
EAGLE PCB Design Software Freeware Version
3PE Systems Calculator
Telecommunication
The OSI Reference Model
Mobile Telecommunications Systems
Architecture of GSM
Local Area Network - LAN
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) MAC frame
IEEE 802.5 (Token-Ring) MAC frame
IEEE 802.3 LAN Standards
IEEE 802.3u (Fast Ethernet) LAN Standards
IEEE 802.3z (Gigabit Ethernet) LAN Standards